Grammar is the system and structure of a language. The rules of grammar help us decide the order we put words in and which form of a word to use. In other words Grammar is the system of a language.
1. PARTS OF SPEECH
There are eight parts of speech in the English language: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.
1. NOUN - It is a word that refers to a person, place, thing, idea, event, substance, or quality. Its a naming word.
Types of Nouns with examples
(a) Common Nouns - It refers to a non-specific person, place, or thing.
Example - boy, girl, man, dog, book, tree, country, island etc. These words are non-specific nouns and can be referring to any dog, any girl, any book or any country.
(b) Proper Nouns - On the other hand, a proper noun refers to a specific person, place, or thing.
Example - Richard, Sita, India, Kerala, Oppo, Amazon, July, Sunday etc.
(c) Concrete Nouns - Name of things that you can perceive with your five senses. (sight, sound, smell, taste and touch)
Example - School, thud, ocean, light, salt, flower, cloth etc.
(d) Abstract Nouns - Name of things that you cannot perceive with your five senses.
Example - Happiness, sorrow, love, beauty, hatred, jealousy, pride, fear, religion, history etc.
(e) Countable Nouns - Name of things that you can count. It can be singular and plural.
Example - pen, pencils, bus, phone, elephant, festival etc.
(f) Uncountable Nouns - Name of things that you cannot count. It cannot be made plural.
Example - Water, milk, salt, rain, food, darkness, luggage etc.
(g) Collective Nouns - These nouns refers to things as a unit. It can be singular or plural according to the context.
Example - An army of ants, A flock of birds, A flock of sheep, A herd of deer, A hive of bees etc.
(h) Compound Nouns - These nouns are made up of two or more words. It can be closed, open or hyphenated.
Example - Tablecloth ,photograph, blackboard, eyeglasses (closed), New Delhi, Head master, black box (open), son-in-law, co-worker (hyphenated) etc.
(i) Singular Nouns - Name of one person, place, thing or idea.
Example - boy, monkey, mango, store, ship, match etc.
(j) Plural Nouns - Name of more than one person, place, thing or idea. They have 's' or 'es' at the end of the word.
Example - boys, monkeys, mangoes, stores, ships, matches etc.
(k) Possessive Nouns - These nouns shows ownership. We use apostrophe ' 's ' to create them.
Example - Men's, student's, Ravi's, dad's, dog's etc.
2. PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun.
Types of Pronouns
(a) Personal Pronoun - A personal pronoun is a pronoun that is associated primarily with a particular person When discussing “person” in terms of grammatical, the following rules apply:
- First-person, as in “I”
- Second person, as in “you”
- Third-person, as in “It, he, she”
Example : This is my book or This book is mine.
This is our house or This house is ours.
(c) Relative pronouns - Relative pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses. Relative clauses tell us more about people and things -
We use - who and whom for people, whose for showing possession or relationship, which for things, that for people or things, when introduces clauses that describe a noun that refers to a time, and where refers to a place.
We use relative clauses to make clear which person or thing we are talking about.
We use relative clauses to make clear which person or thing we are talking about.
Example - He who overcomes his anger subdues his greatest enemy.
He is the man whom I met at the railway station.
She knows the family whose house we bought.
Parle is the company which makes sweets.
The pen that I brought yesterday is missing.
Yesterday was the day when everything went wrong.
Sign your name on the form where I have put the cross.
(d) Reflexive pronouns - When a subject performs an action on itself, the sentence uses a reflexive pronoun after the verb. Reflexive pronouns include - myself, himself, themselves, and herself.
Example: I washed the car myself.
He hurt himself when he fell off his bicycle.
Do the task yourself.
His mother always wanted her children to take care of themselves.
(e) Indefinite pronouns - Like personal pronouns, indefinite pronouns refer to people or things, but they don’t have a specific person or thing to reference. Examples of indefinite pronouns include some, another, each, either, enough, anyone, and everything.
Example: We finally took another bus.
Example: We finally took another bus.
Everything was ready for the party.
Would you like something to drink?
Would you like something to drink?
They were staying in somebody's apartment.
Everyone was happy.
Anyone can read the story.
Everyone was happy.
Anyone can read the story.
(f) Demonstrative pronouns- A demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun that is used to point to something specific within a sentence. These pronouns can indicate items in space or time, and they can be either singular or plural. It may be a near demonstrative, “this, that, these” or a far demonstrative, “that, those.”
Example - This is my chair.
That is my brother's house.
These are my books.
Those are my brother's books.
(g) Distributive pronouns - Each, either, neither are called distributive pronouns because they refer to persons or things one at a time.
Example - Each of the following devices is ready to work.
Either you believe or leave me in this situation.
Neither of the men was invited to the party.
(h) Interrogative pronouns - Interrogative pronouns are question words used to enquire about a person or thing that we do not know about. There are five main interrogative pronouns. they are - What, Which, Who, Whom, Whose.
Example - What is the matter?
Which book do you want?
Who wrote this story?
Whom did you meet yesterday?
Whose scooter is this?
3. ADJECTIVES
An adjective is a word that describes a noun. An adjective usually comes before the noun.
Adjectives describe the kind of noun its colour, shape, size, cardinals (number), texture, feelings, time, ordinals etc.
Example - blue sky, square box, a big elephant, three apples, rough book, happy man, late night, the fourth day.
Types of Adjectives
Adjectives describe the kind of noun its colour, shape, size, cardinals (number), texture, feelings, time, ordinals etc.
Example - blue sky, square box, a big elephant, three apples, rough book, happy man, late night, the fourth day.
Types of Adjectives
(a) Article adjectives- Like adjectives, articles modify nouns. In English, there are two articles - definite article - 'the' and indefinite article 'a, and an'.
Example: a boy, I ate an apple yesterday
The boy sitting next to me raised his hand. The is an article adjective that answers which boy? The boy sitting next to me.
(b) Compound adjectives - An adjective with two words joined by the hyphen is called a compound adjective.
Example - Michael Jackson was a world-famous singer.
Travelling around Alappuzha was a real eye-opener for me.
A middle-class family. a boy, I ate an apple yesterday.
Closed compounds, written as a single word - Headmaster, lifestyle, notebook, blackboard.
A sixty-five-year-old man (compound adjective - it describes the noun man.)
The man was sixty years old. (it is non-adjective (predicate) as it tells what the subject is.)
(c) Coordinate adjectives - Coordinate adjectives are also called as paired adjectives in which two or more adjectives precede and describe the same noun however separately modify the noun.
Example -"The air was thick and wet. A warm, dense fog had settled over the paddies and there was the stillness that precedes rain."
(Tim O'Brien, "The Things They Carried." Esquire, 1987)
(d) Descriptive adjectives - Descriptive adjectives are used to describe someone or something by modifying the noun or pronoun.
Example - little round red house., Sachin is a great cricketer., Give me that big brown pad., He has a beautiful watch.
(f) Demonstrative adjectives - Demonstrative adjectives are adjectives that are used to modify a noun so that we know which specific person, place, or thing is mentioned. Some demonstrative adjectives are this, that, these, and those.
Example - This is my book, that is their home, These are my pens, Those are their bags, that is my brother etc
(g) Indefinite adjectives - the indefinite adjective is used to describe a noun in a nonspecific sense
Example - All, Any, Anyone, Anything, Each, Everybody, Everyone, Everything, Few, Nobody, One, Many, None, Several, Some, Somebody, Someone, etc.
(h) Interrogative adjectives - Interrogative adjectives modify nouns. They are usually used to ask questions. There are three interrogative adjectives what, which, and whose.
Example - What materials do you need?
Which color do you like?
Whose pen was that?
- (i) Predicative adjectives - A predicative adjective follows a linking verb and it modifies the subject.
- Example - He is happy,
(j) Proper adjectives
(k) Quantitative adjectives
VERBS
Action verbs, Auxiliary verbs, Auxiliary verbs, Linking verbs, Finite verbs, Non-finite verbs, Transitive verbs, Intransitive verbs, Stative verbs
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